What is Corpse Abuse? Laws & Ethics in the US

The concept of desecration broadly addresses actions that disrespect or damage sacred things, including human remains, and it forms a critical backdrop to understanding offenses against the deceased. Forensic science plays a crucial role in investigating potential instances of corpse abuse, providing the technical means to ascertain if a body has been mishandled or defiled. State laws generally define and criminalize specific actions related to the treatment of dead bodies, reflecting varying legal and ethical standards across jurisdictions within the United States. Defining what is corpse abuse becomes essential in these frameworks, demanding a clear articulation of the behaviors that transgress legal and moral boundaries concerning the dead.

The Sanctity of the Deceased: Legal and Ethical Boundaries of Corpse Abuse

Respect for the deceased is a cornerstone of civilized societies. It reflects our shared humanity and acknowledges the intrinsic dignity of every individual, even in death.

The way we treat human remains speaks volumes about our values, our laws, and our ethical principles.

Understanding Corpse Abuse

Corpse abuse, broadly defined, encompasses any act that violates the respect and dignity owed to the deceased.

This can manifest in various forms, ranging from physical desecration and mutilation to the unauthorized theft of body parts. It also includes improper disposal of remains and acts of necrophilia.

Such actions are not only morally reprehensible but often carry significant legal consequences.

The definition is fluid and multifaceted, influenced by cultural norms, religious beliefs, and evolving societal standards.

Defining the Scope: Law and Ethics

This discussion will primarily focus on the legal and ethical dimensions of corpse abuse. We will examine the legal frameworks that govern the handling of human remains.

We will also explore the ethical principles that guide mortuary practices and professional conduct.

While acknowledging the profound influence of religious and cultural beliefs on attitudes towards death, the analysis will deliberately avoid theological or philosophical arguments.

The aim is to provide a clear, concise overview of the legal regulations and ethical considerations that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior in the treatment of the deceased.

The Legal Landscape: Frameworks Governing Corpse Handling

The way we treat human remains is not solely a matter of personal ethics or moral conviction. It is also firmly rooted in a complex legal framework that governs every aspect of corpse handling, from initial death declaration to final disposition. This framework aims to protect the dignity of the deceased, ensure public health and safety, and provide recourse for those who have been wronged.

This legal landscape is multi-layered, encompassing state legislatures, law enforcement, prosecution, the judiciary, and the rights and responsibilities of various parties, including the next of kin, funeral homes, mortuaries, cemeteries, and crematories. Understanding this intricate system is crucial for ensuring compliance and upholding the sanctity of the deceased.

State Legislatures: Enacting Laws Related to Corpse Abuse

State legislatures play a primary role in defining and criminalizing corpse abuse. Variations exist from state to state regarding the specific definitions and penalties for offenses. Some states may have comprehensive laws that specifically address desecration, mutilation, and theft of body parts, while others rely on more general statutes related to property damage or public health violations.

It's paramount to consult the specific criminal code of a state to understand the nuances of its approach to corpse abuse.

State Criminal Codes: Defining Offenses

State criminal codes are critical because they precisely define what constitutes an offense related to human remains. This could involve:

• Desecration: Actions that deface, damage, or disrespect a corpse or burial site.

• Mutilation: Unauthorized alteration of a body, often with malicious intent.

• Theft: Illegal removal of body parts or entire bodies.

The penalties for these offenses can range from misdemeanors to felonies, depending on the severity of the crime and the intent of the perpetrator.

Law Enforcement Agencies: Investigating Corpse Abuse

Local law enforcement agencies are responsible for investigating reports of corpse abuse. Their role involves:

• Gathering evidence.
• Interviewing witnesses.
• Determining whether a crime has been committed.

In sensitive cases, law enforcement must work closely with medical examiners and forensic experts to ensure a thorough and respectful investigation.

Chain of Custody: Maintaining Evidence Integrity

Maintaining a strict chain of custody is essential in any investigation of corpse abuse. This means documenting every step in the handling of evidence, from its initial discovery to its presentation in court. Any break in the chain of custody can compromise the integrity of the evidence and potentially jeopardize the prosecution of the case.

District Attorneys/Prosecutors: Prosecuting Corpse Abuse

District attorneys or prosecutors bear the burden of proving corpse abuse in court. This involves:

• Presenting evidence.
• Calling witnesses.
• Convincing a judge or jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.

Legal standards for proving corpse abuse can be high, often requiring demonstrating intent, knowledge, or recklessness on the part of the defendant.

Challenges in Prosecution: Evidence and Public Perception

Prosecuting corpse abuse cases can be challenging due to:

• Evidentiary issues: Securing and preserving fragile evidence can be difficult.

• Public perception: Jurors may have strong emotional reactions to the details of the crime, making it difficult to maintain objectivity.

Courts/Judiciary: Adjudicating Corpse Abuse Cases

Courts and the judiciary play a crucial role in adjudicating corpse abuse cases, ensuring fairness and upholding the law.

Sentencing guidelines in these cases vary, depending on the severity of the crime and the defendant's prior criminal history. Judges have some discretion in sentencing, but they must also consider the wishes of the victim's family and the need to deter similar crimes in the future.

Case Studies: Lessons from Notable Trials

Examining past cases of corpse abuse can provide valuable insights into the legal and ethical considerations involved. These case studies highlight the:

• Challenges of prosecution.
• Importance of strong evidence.
• Potential impact on victims' families.

Rights and Responsibilities of the "Next of Kin"

The "next of kin" has significant legal rights regarding the disposition of a deceased person's remains. This typically includes the right to:

• Make funeral arrangements.
• Determine the method of burial or cremation.
• Control access to the body.

These rights are not absolute and can be subject to legal limitations, such as public health regulations or court orders.

Addressing Disputes: Legal Channels for Resolution

Disputes among family members regarding the disposition of remains can be resolved through legal channels, such as mediation or court intervention. Courts often prioritize the wishes of the deceased, if known, or the wishes of the majority of close family members.

Funeral Homes/Mortuaries and Funeral Directors/Morticians/Embalmers: Legal Obligations

Funeral homes, mortuaries, funeral directors, morticians, and embalmers are subject to strict legal oversight to ensure the proper handling of human remains.

Licensing and regulatory oversight of these entities vary by state, but generally include:

• Background checks.
• Educational requirements.
• Compliance with health and safety regulations.

Legal Obligations: Respect and Compliance

Funeral directors have a legal obligation to handle remains respectfully, ethically, and in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations. Failure to do so can result in disciplinary action, fines, or even criminal charges.

Cemeteries/Crematories: Regulations and Practices

Cemeteries and crematories are also subject to state and local regulations designed to ensure the proper interment or cremation of human remains.

These regulations typically address:

• Site maintenance.
• Record keeping.
• Environmental protection.

Preventing Improper Disposal: Ensuring Respectful Treatment

Cemeteries and crematories must implement practices to prevent the improper disposal of remains and ensure that all bodies are treated with respect and dignity. This includes:

• Proper identification and labeling of remains.
• Secure storage facilities.
• Adherence to ethical guidelines.

Ethical Compass: Principles in Mortuary Practices

Beyond the legal requirements, mortuary practices are guided by a robust ethical framework. This framework dictates how professionals should conduct themselves, ensuring that dignity and respect are maintained at all times. The ethical compass of the mortuary industry encompasses codes of conduct, professional standards, and deep-seated values centered on respecting the deceased and supporting the bereaved.

Ethical Codes of Conduct and Professional Standards

Professional organizations within the mortuary science field provide comprehensive ethical guidelines. These guidelines are designed to assist practitioners in navigating complex situations. They also ensure adherence to the highest standards of integrity and care.

Overview of Ethical Guidelines

These guidelines typically address confidentiality, transparency, and the proper handling of remains. They serve as a moral compass, helping funeral directors and embalmers make ethical decisions. This is especially useful when faced with conflicting interests or emotionally charged circumstances. These overarching guidelines also foster a culture of accountability and ethical responsibility within the industry.

The Role of the NFDA and APFSP

The National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA) and the Academy of Professional Funeral Service Practice (APFSP) play pivotal roles. They set ethical standards that shape mortuary practices. The NFDA offers a code of professional conduct. It emphasizes honesty, integrity, and respect for the deceased and their families.

The APFSP advances professionalism through certification and continuing education. Its commitment to ethical behavior helps elevate the standards of practice across the industry. These organizations help ensure that funeral service professionals adhere to a rigorous ethical framework.

Core Ethical Values: Respect and Understanding

At the heart of mortuary ethics lie core values, particularly respect for the dead and a profound understanding of grief. These values guide professionals in providing compassionate and ethical care.

Respect for the Dead

The underlying ethical obligation in handling remains is respect for the dead. This includes treating each body with dignity, avoiding any actions that could be seen as disrespectful or irreverent. This also dictates adhering to the wishes of the deceased and their family, ensuring that final arrangements align with their beliefs and preferences.

This ethical obligation stems from a recognition of the inherent worth and dignity of every human being, even in death. Respect for the dead is not merely a procedural requirement but a fundamental principle.

Understanding Grief and Bereavement

Ethical considerations extend to supporting grieving families. Funeral professionals must understand the complexities of grief. They should provide empathetic and sensitive support to those who are bereaved.

This understanding involves active listening, offering practical assistance, and providing resources for coping with loss. Ethical practice demands recognizing the emotional vulnerability of families and offering care that is both professional and compassionate. A compassionate approach helps families navigate the difficult process of mourning and remembrance with dignity.

Manifestations of Disrespect: Specific Examples of Corpse Abuse

Ethical Compass: Principles in Mortuary Practices Beyond the legal requirements, mortuary practices are guided by a robust ethical framework. This framework dictates how professionals should conduct themselves, ensuring that dignity and respect are maintained at all times. The ethical compass of the mortuary industry encompasses codes of conduct, professional standards, and a deep understanding of the importance of respect for the dead and empathy for the bereaved. However, despite these safeguards, instances of corpse abuse tragically occur, revealing profound failures of both legal and ethical boundaries. Examining these specific manifestations is crucial to understanding the depth of the problem and informing preventative measures.

Desecration and Mutilation: Violating the Corpse

Desecration and mutilation represent some of the most visceral forms of corpse abuse. Desecration, broadly, involves defiling or disrespecting a corpse, while mutilation refers to the act of physically damaging or disfiguring the body.

Legally, these acts are often defined by state statutes that prohibit the intentional damage, disfigurement, or disturbance of human remains.

Ethically, they represent a fundamental violation of the respect owed to the deceased and an affront to the sensibilities of the bereaved.

Motivations for desecration and mutilation are varied and complex. Vandalism, often fueled by malice or disregard, may involve acts such as graffiti on burial sites or the destruction of monuments.

Hate crimes may target individuals or groups based on their race, religion, or other protected characteristics, with the desecration of graves serving as a symbolic expression of hatred.

Mental illness can also play a role, with some individuals experiencing delusions or compulsions that lead them to commit these acts. The consequences of desecration and mutilation are far-reaching, causing immense emotional distress to the families of the deceased and undermining public trust in the sanctity of burial sites.

Necrophilia: A Disturbing Pathology

Necrophilia, or sexual attraction to corpses, represents a particularly disturbing and complex form of corpse abuse. It is important to distinguish necrophilia as a paraphilia, a psychological condition characterized by atypical sexual interests.

Legally, necrophilia is criminalized in most jurisdictions. The actus reus (the criminal act) typically involves some form of sexual contact with a deceased body. Prosecution of necrophilia cases is complex, requiring careful consideration of forensic evidence and psychiatric evaluations.

From an ethical perspective, necrophilia is viewed as a gross violation of the deceased's dignity and an affront to societal norms regarding death and sexuality.

Understanding the psychological roots of necrophilia is crucial for both legal and therapeutic purposes. While the motivations can vary, some individuals may engage in necrophilia as a means of exerting control, expressing feelings of isolation, or seeking gratification in unconventional ways.

The legal consequences of necrophilia are severe, reflecting the profound societal condemnation of this behavior. Penalties can include lengthy prison sentences, psychiatric treatment, and registration as a sex offender.

Theft of Body Parts: Exploitation of the Dead

The theft of body parts represents a particularly insidious form of corpse abuse, driven by both economic and, in some cases, scientific motivations. The existence of a black market for human remains and organs fuels this illicit trade. This black market preys on vulnerable individuals and exploits the remains of the deceased for profit.

Legally, the theft of body parts is prohibited under laws governing property rights and the handling of human remains. Many states have enacted specific legislation to address the illegal trafficking of organs and tissues.

Ethically, the theft of body parts represents a profound violation of the respect owed to the deceased and their families. It commodifies human remains, reducing them to mere objects of economic value.

Preventative measures to combat the theft of body parts include enhanced security at morgues and cemeteries, stricter regulations on the handling of human remains, and increased law enforcement efforts to disrupt the black market.

Legal enforcement plays a critical role in prosecuting those involved in the theft and trafficking of body parts, sending a clear message that such activities will not be tolerated.

Improper Disposal of Remains: Negligence and Disrespect

Improper disposal of remains encompasses a range of actions that violate legal and ethical standards regarding the treatment of the deceased. This can include abandonment, mishandling, or disrespectful treatment of human remains.

Legally, improper disposal is often defined by state laws that mandate specific procedures for burial, cremation, and other forms of disposition. These laws aim to ensure that human remains are treated with dignity and respect.

Ethically, improper disposal represents a failure to uphold the duty of care owed to the deceased and their families.

It can result from negligence, cost-cutting measures, or a general disregard for the sanctity of human remains. Examples of improper disposal include abandoning bodies in unmarked graves, commingling cremated remains without consent, or failing to follow proper sanitation procedures.

Legal penalties for improper disposal can range from fines to imprisonment, depending on the severity of the offense and the intent of the perpetrator.

Grave Robbing/Body Snatching: A Historical and Contemporary Problem

Grave robbing, also known as body snatching, has a long and troubling history. Historically, it was driven by the demand for cadavers for medical research and education. In the 18th and 19th centuries, medical schools often relied on stolen bodies to provide students with anatomical training.

Legally, grave robbing is prohibited under laws protecting burial sites and human remains. Penalties for grave robbing can include imprisonment and fines. Ethically, grave robbing represents a profound violation of the sanctity of burial sites and the respect owed to the deceased.

Modern instances of grave robbing are less common but still occur, often motivated by theft, vandalism, or the pursuit of historical artifacts. The legal ramifications of modern grave robbing are severe, reflecting society's continued condemnation of this behavior.

Understanding the historical context of grave robbing is essential for appreciating the ethical and legal significance of protecting burial sites and ensuring the respectful treatment of human remains. It serves as a reminder of the importance of upholding the dignity of the dead and safeguarding their final resting places.

Identifying Abuse: The Role of Medical Examiners and Coroners

Manifestations of Disrespect: Specific Examples of Corpse Abuse Ethical Compass: Principles in Mortuary Practices Beyond the legal requirements, mortuary practices are guided by a robust ethical framework. This framework dictates how professionals should conduct themselves, ensuring that dignity and respect are maintained at all times. The ethical...

The grim reality of corpse abuse often lurks beneath the surface, requiring a keen eye and specialized expertise to uncover. Medical examiners and coroners stand as the crucial front line in identifying such transgressions, acting as both medical investigators and advocates for the deceased. Their role extends beyond determining the cause of death; they are also tasked with detecting signs of mistreatment, desecration, or other forms of abuse that may have occurred post-mortem.

The Investigative Mandate

Medical examiners and coroners operate under a legal mandate to investigate deaths that are suspicious, unexpected, or occur under unusual circumstances. This mandate empowers them to conduct thorough examinations, including autopsies, to ascertain the cause and manner of death. This investigative process is paramount in uncovering instances of corpse abuse, which may be masked or concealed.

Their investigations can reveal evidence of:

• Mutilation
• Theft of body parts
• Improper handling or disposal.

Such findings trigger further investigation and potential legal action.

Distinguishing Natural Causes from Abuse

One of the most challenging aspects of this role is differentiating between natural post-mortem changes and signs of abuse. Decomposition, insect activity, and other natural processes can sometimes mimic or obscure evidence of foul play. Medical examiners must possess a deep understanding of forensic pathology to accurately interpret these signs and distinguish them from intentional acts of desecration.

Expertise in Forensic Pathology

Forensic pathology is a specialized field that combines medical knowledge with legal principles. Medical examiners trained in this discipline are equipped to:

• Recognize subtle signs of trauma
• Analyze tissue samples
• Employ advanced imaging techniques

These skills are crucial for detecting evidence that might otherwise be overlooked.

Collaboration with Law Enforcement

The identification of corpse abuse often requires close collaboration between medical examiners and law enforcement agencies. When suspicious findings emerge, medical examiners share their observations and evidence with law enforcement, who then conduct further investigations to determine the circumstances surrounding the abuse.

This collaborative effort ensures that:

• Evidence is properly collected and preserved
• Witnesses are interviewed
• Potential suspects are identified.

Effective communication and coordination between these entities are essential for bringing perpetrators to justice.

Gathering and Preserving Evidence

The integrity of evidence is paramount in any investigation, especially in cases of corpse abuse. Medical examiners are responsible for meticulously documenting their findings, collecting tissue samples for analysis, and preserving any physical evidence that may be relevant to the case.

Chain of custody protocols must be strictly adhered to in order to maintain the admissibility of evidence in court. This ensures that the evidence is not tampered with or compromised in any way.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite their crucial role, medical examiners and coroners often face significant challenges in identifying and investigating corpse abuse. These challenges may include:

• Limited resources
• Backlogs of cases
• Lack of specialized training.

In some jurisdictions, funding for medical examiner offices is inadequate, hindering their ability to conduct thorough investigations. Additionally, the complex nature of these cases requires specialized expertise that may not be readily available in all communities.

Strengthening the System

To enhance the effectiveness of medical examiners and coroners in combating corpse abuse, several measures can be taken:

• Increased funding for medical examiner offices
• Enhanced training programs for forensic pathologists
• Improved collaboration between medical examiners and law enforcement.

By investing in these areas, we can strengthen the system and ensure that those who desecrate the dead are held accountable for their actions.

Cultural and Religious Sensitivities: Considerations in Corpse Handling

Ethical Compass: Principles in Mortuary Practices Manifestations of Disrespect: Specific Examples of Corpse Abuse Identifying Abuse: The Role of Medical Examiners and Coroners

Beyond the legal and ethical mandates that govern corpse handling, a deeper understanding of cultural and religious sensitivities is paramount. This understanding ensures that mortuary practices are not only legally compliant but also deeply respectful of the diverse beliefs and traditions surrounding death. Navigating this landscape requires a delicate balance between honoring individual customs and adhering to universal standards of dignity and legal requirements.

Religious Beliefs and Practices: A Tapestry of Rituals

The influence of religious beliefs on death and burial practices is profound and multifaceted. Across the globe, diverse faiths have developed unique rituals and customs that dictate how the deceased are treated and memorialized. These variations reflect fundamental theological differences regarding the nature of death, the afterlife, and the relationship between the living and the departed.

For example, in some traditions, immediate burial is essential, while others may involve elaborate ceremonies spanning several days or weeks. Understanding these nuances is crucial for funeral professionals to provide culturally competent and sensitive services.

Respecting Diverse Religious Customs

Respect for religious diversity is not merely a matter of etiquette; it is a fundamental ethical obligation. Funeral homes must be prepared to accommodate a wide range of religious requests, from providing specific types of shrouds or burial containers to facilitating religious ceremonies at the funeral home or graveside.

This may involve collaborating with religious leaders to ensure that all rites are performed according to tradition.

Furthermore, it requires a willingness to learn about and understand unfamiliar customs, even if they differ significantly from one's own beliefs.

Cultural Norms: Societal Attitudes Towards Death

Beyond organized religion, cultural norms also exert a powerful influence on how death is perceived and handled within a given society. Societal attitudes toward death vary widely, ranging from open mourning and elaborate celebrations to more reserved and private expressions of grief.

These cultural norms shape everything from the types of funeral services that are considered appropriate to the ways in which families grieve and remember their loved ones.

Balancing Tradition and Legality

One of the most significant challenges in this area lies in navigating potential conflicts between cultural practices and legal standards. Some traditional customs, such as certain burial practices or mourning rituals, may not align with local laws or regulations.

In such cases, it is essential to find a respectful and legally compliant way to honor the deceased's cultural heritage. This may involve working with families to adapt their traditions to meet legal requirements or seeking exemptions from certain regulations where possible.

Open communication and a willingness to find creative solutions are key to resolving these conflicts in a way that respects both cultural sensitivities and legal obligations. Ultimately, the goal is to provide compassionate and culturally appropriate care that honors the deceased and supports their grieving families.

Learning from Experience: Case Studies of Corpse Abuse

Beyond the legal and ethical mandates that govern corpse handling, a deeper understanding of cultural sensitivities, and the investigative roles of medical examiners, lies the harsh reality of actual cases of corpse abuse. Examining these instances provides invaluable insight into the motivations, failures, and systemic issues that contribute to such violations. Through detailed analysis, we can extract crucial lessons and formulate effective recommendations for prevention.

Case Study 1: The Pennsylvania Crematory Scandal

In the early 2000s, the Tri-State Crematory scandal in Pennsylvania exposed a horrifying breach of trust and ethical negligence. Hundreds of bodies were discovered left to decay on the crematory grounds, rather than being properly cremated.

The operator, Brent Marsh, pleaded guilty to multiple counts of abuse of a corpse. The legal ramifications were extensive, leading to criminal charges, civil lawsuits, and significant regulatory changes in the funeral industry.

Legal and Ethical Implications

The case highlighted the severe consequences of neglecting legal obligations related to proper disposal and documentation. The ethical implications were profound, devastating the families who had entrusted their loved ones to the crematory's care. The desecration of human remains shook public confidence in the industry and prompted calls for stricter oversight.

Lessons Learned and Recommendations

The Tri-State Crematory scandal underscored the critical need for rigorous regulatory oversight and enforcement. Regular inspections, mandatory training for crematory operators, and clear protocols for handling remains are essential to prevent similar tragedies.

Enhanced background checks and psychological evaluations for those working in positions of trust within the funeral industry may also provide an added layer of protection. Further the implementation of transparent record-keeping systems and open communication with families are paramount.

Case Study 2: The UCLA Medical Center Body Parts Scandal

In 2004, UCLA Medical Center faced a public outcry after it was revealed that body parts donated for research had been illegally sold for profit. The scandal exposed a dark underbelly of the medical research industry, where the pursuit of profit overshadowed ethical considerations and legal boundaries.

Legal and Ethical Implications

The UCLA case highlighted the illegal trade in human remains and the exploitation of vulnerable individuals and families who had donated body parts for the advancement of science. The ethical implications were staggering, undermining trust in medical research institutions and raising questions about the commodification of the human body. The case raised questions about the rights of donors and the responsibilities of researchers.

Lessons Learned and Recommendations

Stringent regulations and oversight of tissue banks and research facilities are crucial. Independent audits, transparent accounting practices, and clear guidelines for the acquisition and use of human remains are necessary to prevent future abuses.

Additionally, robust legal frameworks must be in place to deter illegal trafficking and ensure accountability for those who violate these regulations. Emphasis on ethical education for medical professionals and researchers is paramount.

Case Study 3: Grave Robbing and Vandalism at Cemeteries

Instances of grave robbing and vandalism at cemeteries continue to occur, driven by a variety of motives ranging from monetary gain to malicious intent. These acts represent a profound violation of the sanctity of the deceased and the emotional well-being of their families.

Legal and Ethical Implications

Grave robbing and vandalism constitute criminal acts with severe legal penalties. The ethical implications extend beyond property damage. These actions inflict deep emotional distress on surviving relatives and communities, violating deeply held cultural and religious beliefs.

Lessons Learned and Recommendations

Enhanced security measures at cemeteries, including surveillance cameras, increased patrols, and improved lighting, can deter potential offenders. Community involvement and neighborhood watch programs can also play a vital role in preventing and reporting suspicious activity.

Public education about the legal and ethical consequences of grave robbing and vandalism is essential to foster respect for burial sites and promote responsible behavior. Heightened law enforcement attention and prosecution of offenders is vital.

Synthesis: Preventing Future Corpse Abuse

Analyzing these diverse cases reveals common threads: lack of oversight, ethical lapses, and disregard for legal obligations. Preventing future instances of corpse abuse requires a multi-faceted approach.

This includes stronger regulations, rigorous enforcement, ethical training, and heightened public awareness. A culture of respect for the deceased must be fostered throughout society.

Ultimately, safeguarding the dignity of human remains is a reflection of our collective humanity and our commitment to ethical and responsible behavior.

So, when we talk about what is corpse abuse, we're really talking about treating the deceased with respect and dignity. The laws are there to protect that, and while they might seem morbid, they're rooted in some pretty fundamental values about human decency. It's a complex issue, for sure, but hopefully, this gives you a better understanding of what's at stake.