What Does a Common Access Card Contain? [2024 Guide]

The Common Access Card (CAC) serves as the standard identification for uniformed service personnel, U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) civilian employees, eligible contractor personnel, and other defined populations. This card's primary function extends beyond simple identification, as its embedded microchip contains digital certificates crucial for accessing secure government systems and facilities. Understanding what does a Common Access Card contain is essential, because, in addition to visual data like photographs and names, the CAC also includes cryptographic keys used for authentication, encryption, and digital signatures. The specific data elements and security protocols are regularly updated to comply with the latest standards set by organizations like the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), ensuring that the CAC remains a secure and reliable tool for managing access across the DoD.

The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized mechanism for authenticating personnel and controlling access to a wide array of resources.

This section will lay the groundwork for understanding the CAC ecosystem, detailing its core purpose, security implications, and compliance with established standards.

Defining the CAC and Its Primary Purpose

The CAC serves as the standard identification card for active-duty military personnel, reserve personnel, civilian employees of the DoD, and eligible contractor personnel.

Its primary purpose is to provide a verifiable and trusted form of identification. This form of identification is crucial for physical and logical access control.

It facilitates secure access to DoD facilities, computer systems, networks, and sensitive information.

The CAC: A Key to Secure Access

The CAC plays a critical role in maintaining the security posture of the DoD.

By leveraging cryptographic technology and multi-factor authentication, the CAC ensures that only authorized individuals can access protected resources. This is essential for safeguarding national security interests and protecting sensitive data from unauthorized disclosure.

The card enables access to a variety of resources, including:

• Restricted physical locations.
• Government computer networks.
• Protected databases.
• Secure communication channels.

Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Standards and CAC Compliance

The CAC is not just a DoD-specific solution; it is also compliant with the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 201 standard, known as Personal Identity Verification (PIV).

PIV standards are established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). These standards define the requirements for secure and reliable identification of federal employees and contractors.

The CAC incorporates PIV standards for identity proofing, credential issuance, and ongoing authentication. This ensures interoperability with other federal agencies and enhances the overall security of government operations.

PIV compliance mandates specific security features, data formats, and cryptographic algorithms, all integrated within the CAC to ensure a high level of trust and security.

Key Organizations Shaping the CAC Landscape

The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized mechanism for authenticating personnel and controlling access to a wide array of resources.

This section will lay the groundwork for understanding the complex ecosystem surrounding the CAC. It will delve into the crucial roles played by various organizations in ensuring its effectiveness and security.

United States Department of Defense (DoD): The Governing Authority

The DoD serves as the overarching governing body that mandates and oversees the use of the CAC across all branches of the military and related agencies. This includes establishing policies, setting security standards, and ensuring compliance with federal regulations.

The DoD's directives dictate how the CAC is utilized for both physical and logical access control. This ensures consistent security protocols are followed throughout the department.

The DoD's central role makes it the ultimate authority in all matters pertaining to the CAC and its integration with broader security infrastructure.

Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC): Production, Issuance, and Management

The Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) holds a pivotal position in the CAC ecosystem. It is primarily responsible for the production, issuance, and lifecycle management of CACs.

DMDC facilities are strategically located to distribute CACs efficiently to eligible personnel worldwide.

DMDC's Multifaceted Responsibilities

DMDC's responsibilities extend beyond simple card production. They encompass:

• Verification of eligibility: Ensuring only authorized individuals receive a CAC.
• Data management: Maintaining accurate records associated with each CAC.
• Technical support: Providing assistance related to CAC usage and troubleshooting.

DMDC Facilities and Distribution

DMDC facilities serve as the central hubs for CAC distribution. These facilities are equipped with the technology and personnel necessary to:

• Create and personalize CACs with relevant information.
• Enroll users in the system and capture biometric data.
• Provide on-site support and address user inquiries.

S. Military Branches: Implementing CAC Usage

Each branch of the U.S. Military (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force) utilizes the CAC for identification and access control. However, each implements these functions according to its specific operational needs and security protocols.

While the underlying technology and standards remain consistent, the specific applications and integration with branch-specific systems may vary.

This decentralized approach allows each branch to tailor CAC usage to its unique environment while maintaining overall interoperability and security.

DoD Contractors: Access and Integration

DoD contractors play a significant role in supporting military operations and infrastructure. Managing contractor access to DoD systems and facilities is therefore critical. Contractors are issued CACs to facilitate secure access.

The process of integrating and managing contractors who require CAC access involves:

• Verification of need: Ensuring contractors require access based on their contractual obligations.
• Background checks: Conducting thorough background investigations to mitigate security risks.
• Security training: Providing contractors with training on proper CAC usage and security protocols.

This process guarantees that contractors can perform their duties efficiently while adhering to the DoD's stringent security standards.

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Setting the Standards

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) plays a vital role in the CAC ecosystem by providing relevant standards and guidelines for CAC security. These guidelines are based on best practices and are designed to protect sensitive information and systems.

NIST's contributions help to ensure that the CAC remains a secure and reliable means of identification and authentication.

General Services Administration (GSA): Guidance and Resources for PIV Compliance

The General Services Administration (GSA) offers guidance and resources to assist agencies, including the DoD, in achieving Personal Identity Verification (PIV) compliance. These resources include:

• Federal standards: Providing guidance on implementing federal identity standards and access control measures.
• Training and education: Offering training programs to educate personnel on PIV requirements and best practices.
• Tools and templates: Supplying tools and templates to streamline the PIV implementation process.

GSA's role in PIV compliance helps ensure that the CAC and related systems meet the highest standards of security and interoperability.

Underlying Technologies and Core Concepts of the CAC

Key Organizations Shaping the CAC Landscape The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized mechanism for authenticating personnel and controlling access to a wide array of resources. Understanding the technologies and concepts that underpin the CAC is crucial to appreciating its security and functionality.

This section delves into the core technical aspects of the CAC, from Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to physical and logical access control, providing a comprehensive overview of how this ubiquitous card operates.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and the CAC

The CAC's security rests on the foundation of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). PKI is a system for creating, managing, distributing, using, storing, and revoking digital certificates. It's what enables secure communication and authentication over networks.

Within the CAC ecosystem, PKI provides the framework for verifying the identity of cardholders and securing data transmissions. The digital certificates stored on the CAC are issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) and are essential for both digital signatures and encryption. This ensures that the CAC can be used to securely access resources and transmit sensitive information.

Digital Signatures

Digital signatures provide a way to verify the authenticity and integrity of digital documents and communications. When a CAC user digitally signs a document or email, the user's private key (stored securely on the card) is used to create a unique signature.

This signature is then attached to the document. Recipients can then use the user's corresponding public key to verify that the document:

• Originated from the claimed sender
• Has not been altered since it was signed

Encryption

Encryption transforms readable data into an unreadable format, protecting it from unauthorized access. With the CAC, users can encrypt emails and files using the recipient's public key.

Only the recipient, possessing the corresponding private key, can decrypt and read the information. This ensures confidentiality and data protection, especially when transmitting sensitive information over networks.

Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Standard

The CAC is compliant with the Personal Identity Verification (PIV) standard.

PIV is a U.S. Federal Government standard for secure and reliable identification for Federal employees and contractors. The PIV standard mandates a specific set of requirements for the CAC, including the types of data stored on the card, the cryptographic algorithms used, and the security mechanisms implemented.

Compliance with the PIV standard ensures that the CAC meets stringent security requirements and can be trusted for access control and authentication purposes.

Cryptographic Certificates and Their Function

The CAC stores several digital certificates, each serving a specific purpose. These certificates are issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) and are essential for authentication and encryption.

Typically, a CAC contains certificates for:

• Digital Signature
• Email Encryption
• Authentication to Systems

These certificates allow the CAC to be used for a variety of security-sensitive tasks, such as logging into computer systems, signing documents, and encrypting email communications.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) with the CAC

The CAC utilizes Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to enhance security. MFA requires users to provide multiple authentication factors before granting access to resources.

In the case of the CAC, the card itself represents one factor ("something you have"), and the PIN represents another ("something you know"). This combination of factors significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access, as an attacker would need both the physical card and the correct PIN to gain entry.

Smart Card Technology: The Heart of the CAC

The CAC is a smart card, meaning it contains an embedded integrated circuit that can store and process data. This chip allows the CAC to securely store cryptographic keys and certificates and perform cryptographic operations.

Smart card technology provides a secure and tamper-resistant environment for sensitive data, making the CAC a reliable tool for identity verification and access control.

The Essential PIN (Personal Identification Number)

The PIN (Personal Identification Number) is an essential component of CAC security. The PIN acts as a password that unlocks the CAC and allows access to the cryptographic functions and data stored on the card.

Without the correct PIN, the CAC is essentially useless. Best practices dictate that the PIN should be a complex combination of characters, that is memorized and not written down, and should be changed periodically.

Physical Access Control with the CAC

The CAC is widely used for physical access control to military bases, government buildings, and other secure facilities. Card readers installed at entry points verify the cardholder's identity and grant or deny access based on pre-defined access control lists.

This physical access control mechanism helps prevent unauthorized entry and protect sensitive assets.

Logical Access Control and Networked Systems

Beyond physical access, the CAC is crucial for logical access control to computer systems, networks, and applications. When a user attempts to log in to a CAC-enabled system, the system prompts the user to insert their CAC and enter their PIN.

The system then verifies the user's identity using the digital certificates stored on the CAC. This ensures that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information and resources on the network.

The Role of the DoD Root Certificate Authority

The DoD Root Certificate Authority (CA) is the trusted authority behind the digital certificates on CACs. The Root CA is responsible for issuing and managing the certificates that are used to verify the identity of CAC holders.

Because the DoD Root CA is trusted by computer systems and applications, certificates issued by the Root CA are inherently trusted. This trust is essential for the secure operation of the CAC ecosystem.

Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs): Ensuring Trust

Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) are a critical security mechanism for ensuring that compromised CACs are no longer trusted.

A CRL is a list of digital certificates that have been revoked before their expiration date. This can happen if a CAC is lost or stolen, or if the cardholder's credentials have been compromised. When a system encounters a CAC, it checks the CRL to ensure the certificate is still valid. If the certificate appears on the CRL, access is denied, even if the card is presented with the correct PIN.

Identity Management: The CAC's Central Role

The CAC plays a central role in the overall identity management system within the DoD. The card serves as a physical token that is linked to a user's digital identity.

This identity management system is used to manage user accounts, access privileges, and other security-related information. By tying physical identity (the CAC) to digital identity, the DoD can ensure that only authorized personnel have access to sensitive resources.

[Underlying Technologies and Core Concepts of the CAC Key Organizations Shaping the CAC Landscape The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized mechanism for authenticating perso...]

CAC Stakeholders: Roles and Responsibilities

Understanding the intricacies of the Common Access Card (CAC) ecosystem requires a clear grasp of the various stakeholders involved. Each stakeholder plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of the CAC, from issuance to daily usage and eventual revocation. The effective functioning of this system hinges on each individual's understanding and diligent execution of their responsibilities.

Service Members

Service members represent the most significant user base of the CAC. For them, the CAC is more than just an ID; it's a key component of their professional lives.

Access to Facilities and Systems: They use it to gain physical access to military installations, secure areas, and buildings. Furthermore, the CAC is essential for logical access to DoD computer systems, networks, and applications.

Identification and Authentication: The CAC serves as primary identification, validating their status as active duty, reserve, or retired military personnel.

Digital Signatures and Encryption: Utilizing the embedded PKI certificates, service members can digitally sign documents, encrypt emails, and conduct secure online transactions. This ensures message integrity and confidentiality.

Civilian Employees (DoD)

DoD civilian employees also heavily rely on the CAC for their daily operations. Their use mirrors that of service members in many ways, but with nuances reflecting their specific roles.

Access Control: Similar to service members, civilian employees use the CAC for both physical and logical access control. They access buildings, networks, and systems required for their work.

System and Data Protection: The CAC ensures that only authorized personnel can access sensitive information and systems, safeguarding data integrity and confidentiality.

Official Identification: The CAC serves as official identification, verifying their employment status within the DoD.

Contractors (DoD)

DoD contractors represent a unique stakeholder group. Their access privileges are typically scoped to specific projects or contracts, necessitating a carefully managed CAC lifecycle.

Limited Access: Contractors use CACs to access specific DoD systems and facilities relevant to their contracted work. This access is usually time-bound and role-based, ensuring minimal unnecessary access.

Compliance and Security: Contractors must adhere to strict DoD security policies and regulations related to CAC usage. This includes protecting their PIN, reporting lost or stolen cards, and complying with all access control procedures.

Monitoring and Oversight: DoD program managers are responsible for monitoring contractor CAC usage and ensuring compliance with security protocols.

Users

The term "users" encapsulates anyone who interacts with a CAC to access a system, facility, or information. This encompasses a broad spectrum of individuals, including:

• Medical Professionals: Accessing patient records and systems.
• Logistics Personnel: Managing supply chains and inventory.
• Financial Staff: Handling financial transactions and data.
• Researchers: Accessing restricted research data.

Each user's interaction with the CAC is governed by their specific role and the security policies governing the accessed resource.

System Administrators

System administrators are critical to maintaining the CAC infrastructure. Their responsibilities include:

• CAC Middleware Management: Deploying, configuring, and updating CAC middleware on user workstations.
• Troubleshooting Issues: Resolving CAC-related issues reported by users, such as certificate errors or reader malfunctions.
• System Integration: Ensuring that systems are properly configured to authenticate users via CAC.
• Access Control Management: Configuring and managing access control lists and permissions for CAC-authenticated users.

Security Professionals

Security professionals play a vital role in ensuring the overall security of the CAC ecosystem. Their responsibilities are:

• Security Policy Enforcement: Developing and enforcing security policies related to CAC usage.
• Vulnerability Management: Identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in CAC-related systems and applications.
• Incident Response: Responding to security incidents involving compromised CACs or unauthorized access attempts.
• Security Auditing: Conducting security audits to ensure compliance with security policies and regulations.
• Continuous Monitoring: Implementing continuous monitoring solutions to detect and respond to anomalous CAC usage patterns.

The effectiveness of the CAC as a security mechanism depends on the combined efforts of all stakeholders. From the service member accessing a secure facility to the security professional monitoring for potential threats, each role is integral to maintaining the integrity and security of the DoD's information and assets. A breakdown in responsibility at any level can compromise the entire system.

Tools and Infrastructure Supporting the CAC

Underlying Technologies and Core Concepts of the CAC Key Organizations Shaping the CAC Landscape The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized mechanism for authenticating pers... Now, let's delve into the essential tools and infrastructure that underpin the CAC's functionality, exploring the hardware and software components that enable it to operate seamlessly within the DoD ecosystem.

Smart Card Readers: The Gateway to CAC Data

Smart card readers are the foundational hardware components that enable interaction with the CAC. These devices, connected to computers or integrated into access control systems, read the information stored on the CAC's embedded chip.

They serve as the bridge between the physical card and the digital realm, allowing systems to verify the cardholder's identity. The readers translate the card's data into a format that the computer system can understand.

These readers come in various forms. They range from simple USB-connected devices to more sophisticated integrated readers within secure entry points.

The choice of reader often depends on the specific application and security requirements. Regardless of the form factor, the primary function remains the same: securely extract data from the CAC.

Middleware: Bridging the Gap Between CAC and Applications

Middleware acts as a critical software layer, facilitating communication between the CAC and various applications. ActivClient serves as a prime example of such middleware.

It enables seamless integration with operating systems and software, allowing users to authenticate themselves using their CAC. Without this middleware, applications would struggle to interpret the data from the CAC.

Essentially, middleware translates the CAC's cryptographic data into a format that applications can understand and utilize for authentication and authorization.

Furthermore, middleware often provides essential security functions. This includes PIN management, certificate validation, and secure storage of cryptographic keys.

This ensures that the CAC's security features are effectively utilized across different systems.

DOD SAFE: Secure File Transfer with CAC Authentication

The DOD SAFE (Secure Access File Exchange) website exemplifies how the CAC is integrated into secure file transfer processes. DOD SAFE leverages the CAC for user authentication and encryption.

This protects sensitive information during transmission. The CAC verifies the sender's identity, ensuring that only authorized personnel can upload and share files.

The encryption capabilities associated with the CAC further safeguard the data while in transit. This prevents unauthorized access even if the file is intercepted.

By requiring CAC authentication, DOD SAFE enhances the security of file transfers within the DoD. It minimizes the risk of data breaches.

Software Applications Requiring CAC Authentication

Numerous DoD-specific software applications require CAC authentication to ensure secure access and data protection. These applications span various domains, including:

• Email clients: Applications such as Microsoft Outlook, configured to utilize CACs for signing and encrypting emails.

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• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Providing secure remote access to DoD networks, often requiring CAC authentication for connection.

• Web-based portals: Accessing internal DoD websites and resources, demanding CAC verification for user identification.

• Document Management Systems: Controlling access to sensitive documents, using CACs to ensure that only authorized personnel can view or modify them.

The integration of CAC authentication into these applications reinforces security by verifying the user's identity at multiple access points. This makes it significantly harder for unauthorized individuals to gain access.

This multi-layered approach strengthens the overall security posture of the DoD's information systems. It ensures that sensitive data remains protected from unauthorized access.

Security Considerations and Best Practices for CAC Use

The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized tool that requires diligent protection and responsible usage. Ignoring crucial security measures can compromise not only individual access but also the integrity of entire DoD systems and data. This section delves into critical security considerations and best practices to ensure the CAC remains a robust and reliable security asset.

Certificate Revocation: Mitigating Compromise

Certificate revocation is a critical process in the event a CAC is lost, stolen, or compromised in any way. A revoked certificate essentially flags the CAC as untrustworthy, preventing its further use for authentication and access. The process typically involves notifying the appropriate authorities, who then add the certificate to a Certificate Revocation List (CRL).

The CRL is a publicly available list of certificates that are no longer valid. Systems relying on CAC authentication regularly check the CRL to ensure the presented certificate is not revoked before granting access. Prompt reporting of a compromised CAC is paramount; delays can provide malicious actors with a window of opportunity to exploit the card.

PIN Security: The First Line of Defense

The Personal Identification Number (PIN) is the user's primary means of authenticating themselves to the CAC. As such, PIN security is paramount to maintaining the integrity of the entire system. A weak or compromised PIN effectively renders the physical security of the card itself irrelevant.

Never share your PIN with anyone. This seems obvious, but social engineering attacks can be surprisingly effective. Choose a PIN that is not easily guessable, such as birthdays, anniversaries, or common sequences. Change your PIN regularly, especially if you suspect it may have been compromised.

Avoid writing down your PIN or storing it electronically in an unencrypted format. A best practice is to memorize the PIN and avoid any form of record. Be cautious when entering your PIN in public places to prevent shoulder surfing. If you forget your PIN, follow the established procedures for PIN reset or CAC re-issuance; do not attempt to bypass security measures.

Physical Security: Protecting the Card

The physical security of the CAC is a fundamental aspect of overall security. Treat the CAC like cash or any other valuable form of identification. Avoid leaving it unattended in unsecured locations.

Do not bend, puncture, or otherwise damage the CAC, as this can compromise the embedded chip and render it unusable. Be mindful of the environmental conditions in which the CAC is stored and used. Extreme temperatures, humidity, and static electricity can damage the card.

Report a lost or stolen CAC immediately to the appropriate authorities. A swift response minimizes the potential for misuse and mitigates the risk of unauthorized access.

Regular Updates and Maintenance: Staying Ahead of Threats

Like any complex technology, the software and drivers associated with the CAC require regular updates and maintenance. These updates often include critical security patches that address newly discovered vulnerabilities.

Ensure that your smart card middleware (e.g., ActivClient) and related software are always up-to-date. Follow the recommended update procedures provided by your organization or the software vendor. Be wary of phishing attempts or fraudulent software updates; always download software from trusted sources.

Periodically check the DoD and relevant agency websites for security advisories and best practices related to CAC usage. Staying informed about emerging threats and vulnerabilities is essential for maintaining a secure environment. Proactive security measures are far more effective than reactive responses.

Future Trends and Developments in CAC Technology

The Common Access Card (CAC) stands as the cornerstone of identity and access management within the United States Department of Defense (DoD). It is more than just an identification card; it's a secure and standardized tool that requires diligent protection and responsible usage. Ignoring crucial upgrades and emerging innovations could undermine its core security tenets, leaving the DoD vulnerable to advanced threats. Looking ahead, several key areas of development promise to reshape the CAC and its role in defense infrastructure.

Advancements in CAC Technology and Security Features

The future of the CAC hinges on incorporating cutting-edge technology to bolster its security and functionality. Enhanced biometric authentication is a key area of focus.

Enhanced Biometric Authentication

Current CAC systems primarily rely on PINs and certificates for authentication. Integrating more advanced biometric methods, such as facial recognition or iris scanning, could add an extra layer of security.

These methods would make it significantly harder for unauthorized individuals to gain access, even if they possess a stolen or lost CAC. The DoD could consider pilot programs to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of these enhanced biometric measures.

Quantum-Resistant Cryptography

The looming threat of quantum computing necessitates a proactive approach to cryptographic security. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms are designed to resist attacks from quantum computers.

Implementing PQC on future CACs would ensure that the card's cryptographic functions remain secure, even against the exponentially increased processing power of quantum machines.

This transition requires careful planning and coordination, but it is essential for maintaining long-term data security.

Tamper-Evident and Tamper-Resistant Hardware

Physical security is just as important as digital security. Future CACs should incorporate more advanced tamper-evident and tamper-resistant hardware.

This could include features such as:

• Advanced epoxy resins.
• Mesh layers.
• Sensors that detect physical tampering.

These measures would make it more difficult for attackers to physically compromise the CAC and extract sensitive information.

Integration with Emerging Technologies and Authentication Methods

The CAC's future also depends on its ability to seamlessly integrate with emerging technologies and authentication methods. This includes leveraging mobile devices and exploring decentralized identity solutions.

Mobile Integration

Mobile devices are becoming increasingly prevalent in the DoD environment. Integrating the CAC with smartphones and tablets could enable more convenient and secure access to systems and information.

This could involve using near-field communication (NFC) or Bluetooth to authenticate users via their mobile devices, eliminating the need for a physical card reader in some cases. Security would need to be thoroughly vetted and hardened to prevent exploitation.

Decentralized Identity and Blockchain

Decentralized identity solutions, powered by blockchain technology, offer a promising alternative to traditional identity management systems. Exploring the use of blockchain to manage CAC identities could enhance security and transparency.

A blockchain-based CAC system could provide a tamper-proof record of all identity-related transactions, making it more difficult for attackers to forge or manipulate identities.

While the technology is still in its early stages, it has the potential to revolutionize identity management within the DoD.

Continuous Authentication

Traditional authentication methods typically involve a one-time login process. Continuous authentication, on the other hand, monitors user behavior and system attributes to verify identity continuously.

Integrating continuous authentication with the CAC could provide an extra layer of security. This would detect anomalies that may indicate a compromised account or device.

For example, if a user suddenly starts accessing sensitive data from an unusual location, the system could trigger an alert or require additional authentication.

So, that's the rundown on what a Common Access Card contains! Hopefully, this 2024 guide cleared up any questions you had about your CAC. From identifying who you are to accessing secure systems, it's a pretty important piece of tech. Keep it safe, and don't forget to update that certificate when prompted!